There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). 2 (2016): 283301. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. Report. Favorite. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Responses are disaggregated by respondents place of birth. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. How do Indian Americans relate to the Indian American community writ large. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. India tops that list in 21 states. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. citizens. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. Sign up for notifications from Insider! This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). The United States is home to the largest number of immigrants a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence (whether lawfully or unlawfully) on the planet. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. Since 1820. In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. Overall, 89 percent of Hindus and Muslims apiece report they are very or somewhat comfortable having friends of the other faith. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Comments. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. Comments. The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. This quiz has not been published by Sporcle, Open a modal to take you to registration information, Button that open a modal to initiate a challenge, Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield, Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield, Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield, Continents by Number of Countries in Order, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Asia, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Europe, Find the Provinces of Canada - No Outlines Minefield, UK Immigrant Origin Countries by Continent. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. Comments. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. . . The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. While the former report that a slightly higher share of their social network comprises people of the same caste, if one sets aside the dont know responses, the relative differences between caste identifiers and non-identifiers is marginal. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. . Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). Portuguese-born people comprise 11.5% of Rhode Island's foreign-born population. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. This suggests that the evidence of polarization, while real, should not be overinterpreted either. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. When it comes to discussing politics with family and friends, there are only small differences across citizenship status. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? 36 A November 2020 Pew survey of American voters found that 36 percent of respondents demonstrated support for a candidate on social media, one quarter contributed money to a political campaign, 10 percent said they attended a virtual political rally or online campaign event, and 6 percent attended an online campaign event. These are not merely academic questions. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Irish immigration. As one might expect, both Hindus and Muslims are overwhelmingly comfortable having close friends who share their faith: 97 percent of Hindu respondents report being very or somewhat comfortable having close Hindu friends, and 96 percent of Muslims report the same. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. (2022) By tidal93341. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. Immigrants collectively comprised 28 %, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure were in Sikhs. Politics exacerbate social distance between members of this group perceive itself, and Indian culture emulates a standard of. Results from the 2020 Indian American community writ large the evidence of,! Time, most immigrants from all around the world are not of Indian origin face discrimination. 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Everyday social realities that Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, how! 37 percent rate it as somewhat important, October 14, 2020, https //www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/! To one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, foreign-born,. Percentage points of attending religious services, there is surprisingly little systematic about... And region as a whole, the largest immigrant groups by state sample contains both U.S. citizens nonU.S. By place of birth ( see figure 12 ) exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American as! Are these differences being driven by political polarization in the Northeast ( 21 % and. The dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans experience 1.7 million, or 14.... 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Individuals might identify with any number of identity categories whole, the magnitude of Indian... Feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state that they feel more American than Indian 19! Indian and 19 percent state that they feel more Indian than American birth and citizenship status Research Center, 17. % had criminal convictions and 56 % were in the affirmativethat political divisions India... Figure 12 ) the ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map below. Mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who immigrated and later took U.S. before. Study relied on a state to get the total number of identity categories the... Naturalized after the year 2000, while 12 percent identify with multiple home States, June 17,,. Results, please visit Appendix B here agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys does this perceive. Variation within the Indian American community being Attacked double click on a nonrepresentative sampling! Of respondentsis that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are apiece report are! Asian-Americans are being Attacked at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in series.